
Even in the absence of outlines, we easily and automatically register shapes. The Kanisza square illusion shows that certain arrangements of forms create the perception of a shape where no line exists.

Coles Phillips was a Golden Age illustrator who used this phenomenon as a compositional device, making our brains see what isn’t there. He became known for the “Fadeaway Girl,” who disappears into the background.
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Lines and the Brain Series,
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4